Composite system reliability evaluation incorporating protection system failures

Protection system malfunction play a significant role in the sequence of events leading to power system blackouts. This paper describes power system reliability evaluation incorporating protection system failures. A reliability model is used in order to determine the impact of protection system failure on power system reliability. The mechanism and scheme of protection and their hidden failure are analyzed based on their contribution to the cascading outage after occurrence of a fault. A number of reliability indices such as LOLP, EENS and ECI are calculated to describe the impact of protection system failures on reliability of power system