Three-dimensional topology optimized electrically-small conformal antenna

A three-dimensional (3D) conductor-based conformal electrically small antenna is obtained using a topology optimization method. The optimization method distributes a certain amount of conductive material to a designated design domain such that the material layout defines an electrically small radiator fed by a coaxial cable over a ground plane. Preliminary investigations show that topology optimization method produced a conformal ESA design that has a radiation efficiency of approximately 80% at 300 MHz.