Pareto genetic algorithm optimization of broadband dipole antenna elements for use in a low frequency radio telescope array including mutual coupling effects

A Pareto GA approach has been used to optimize broadband dipole antennas for use in the LWA in terms of mutual coupling performance, sky noise frequency response, and radiation pattern quality. A simple receive coupling calculation between two antennas was used in the GA to estimate mutual coupling effects in a phased array. It was found that performance trade-offs must be made between sky noise response and mutual coupling performance, and between sky noise response and radiation pattern quality, but not between mutual coupling performance and radiation pattern quality. Selected designs from the final Pareto front were evaluated, and were indeed found to offer unique performance trade-offs between the three objectives.