Preconditioning large integral-equation problems involving complex targets

When the target problem is small in terms of the wavelength, simple preconditioners, such as BDP, may sufficiently accelerate the convergence. On the other hand, for large-scale problems, the matrix equations become much more difficult to solve, and therefore, the importance of preconditioning become more evident for both formulations. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of novel, strong, and efficient preconditioners for the solutions of large EFIE and CFIE problems.