A continuous deformation method for resistive circuits containing active and non-reciprocal elements

Globally convergent homotopy methods for solving nonlinear resistive circuits are based on assumptions that are justified in most circuits with independent sources and eventually passive resistors and, in particular, in common electronic circuits. At the same time however, these conditions for convergence exclude a lot of circuits with active elements such as operational amplifiers or controlled sources. This is a fundamental limitation common to all homotopy methods known in circuit theory. The algorithm of L. Vandenberghe and J. Vandewalle (1990) is extended in order to process a broad class of active circuits. The reflection steps described make it possible to apply the octahedral algorithm to a much broader class of circuits and to use the algorithm to find multiple solutions