Safety aspects of electron beam, ion beam and laser equipment and processes

The application of electron and ion beam technology, in industry, has widened considerably and is now a significant factor in the more traditional processes such as welding, profile cutting, nondestructive testing, vacuum roll coating, component alignment, printing and communications. Although the technology has advanced and variety of application has extended, the risks of personal injury have not been reduced; in fact tighter safety precautions are more necessary due mainly to the complexity and wider scope. The greatest danger is that due to biological effects from prolonged exposure. However, one should not overlook the ever present dangers from electric shock and burns. The author sets out to highlight those dangers associated with microwaves, lasers and X-rays, and outlines the safety measures necessary to minimise the risk