Solving low frequency EM-CKT problems using the PEEC method

The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) formulation is an integral equation based approach for the solution of combined electromagnetic and circuit (EM-CKT) problems. Traditional EM solvers like the electric field integral equation (EFIE) method suffer from numerical problems at low-frequencies arising from the decoupling of the charge and current basis functions. In this paper, the low frequency behavior of the PEEC matrix is investigated. Techniques leading to an excellent condition number throughout the entire frequency spectrum are discussed. Finally, these schemes are applied to remedy the low-frequency conditioning of the EFIE method.