Battery swapping modularity design for plug-in HEVs using the augmented lagrangian decomposition method

A distributed supervisory controller is proposed to achieve battery component swapping modularity (CSM) for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). The CSM permits to distribute a part of the controller to the battery module such that the PHEV can use a range of batteries while providing optimal fuel economy. A feedback based controller is proposed to facilitate battery CSM design. The control strategy is to optimize fuel economy and driving performance in terms of wheel power tracking error, while smoothing engine power and sustaining battery state of charge. The distributed controller with battery CSM is obtained by solving a bi-level optimization problem via the augmented lagrangian decomposition method. The simulation results demonstrate that battery CSM can be achieved without compromising fuel economy.