Biological learning with cytoskeletal signaling

Cytoskeletal signaling provides a medium for internal neuronal signaling that could play a key role in biological learning. Signaling within a neuron along microtubules is plausible according to a number of theoretical models and experimental observations. If used by biological neurons, this type of signaling would provide the missing link for the biological implementation of many learning models, including back-error propagation. Back-error propagation is widely used and demonstration of its plausibility allows uniting artificial learning models with realistic neural models. Additional learning models can be modeled with biologically plausible mechanisms that involve internal cytoskeletal signaling, such as the sigma-pi architecture. Biologically plausible implementations of these learning models are described