System integration issues - Causes, consequences & mitigations

Usually the systems integration in traditional designs is consistently underestimated. The increasing complexity of systems integration poses many challenges to system developers and integrators. During this phase, unexpected and unforeseen issues have rise. Most of these issues are inter organizations/ inter subsystems. When the project gets more complex, with more users, more suppliers, more processes within the company, and more functions and subsystems, the integration phase of the system becomes extremely difficult. System integration involves the combination of products from various sources / companies in a system - it means: interoperability, compatibility. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the causes, consequences, and possible mitigations for issues found in systems integration.