Applying Galerkin AWE to higher-order vector FEM/PML for calculating input-impedance of patch antenna

A model order reduction technique known as Galerkin asymptotic waveform evaluation (GAWE) is adopted to reduce matrices describing electromagnetic phenomena generated through the vector finite element method (VFEM) to a smaller space while still accurately approximating the characteristics of the original system. The resulting solution procedure using GAWE to solve VFEM equations allows for wideband frequency simulations with a reduction in total computation time. At the same time, higher order vector basis functions are used to expand the electric field in the VFEM formulation and further decrease the number of unknowns while maintaining the well condition number of the VFEM matrices. Numerical results of input impedance of a cavity-backed patch antenna over wideband region show that using GAWE can obtain better accuracy and simulate wider frequency band than using AWE widely employed in the past literatures.