Robust image watermarking based on Independent Component Analysis

A robust image watermarking technique based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is introduced in the paper. By utilizing the masking properties of the human visual system (HVS), a grayscale watermark is chosen which is found to be more robust against various attacks. Comparing with other watermarking schemes (for example, by Cox et. al. [1]), our proposed ICA based watermarking scheme can successfully extract a watermark where watermark embedding can be done either instantaneously or convolutively. Various existing ICA algorithms are employed and compared in terms of watermark extraction performance. This paper also shows the robustness in watermark extraction against some standard image processing attacks such as scaling, cropping, rotation, JPEG compression, filtering, additive noise, multiple marks and collusion.