Accurate baseband model for sampling phase-locked loop

The sampling phase-locked loop (SPLL) is widely used in frequency synthesis because of its excellent system performance. As in the case of many mixed-signal circuits, the governing equation is an integro-difference equation, which, in general, cannot be separated into a pure differential or a pure difference equation, i.e., it cannot be solved in closed form. The paper develops a nonlinear baseband model for the SPLL which takes into account the effects of both nonuniform sampling and a non-ideal sampling switch. Based on this model, the linear baseband model and proper design equations can be derived. The theoretical results are verified by measurements performed on a 100-MHz frequency synthesiser with a channel spacing of 33.33 kHz. The advantage of the proposed model is that it improves the accuracy and reliability of the circuit design process, thereby improving its efficiency