Advanced beamforming concepts: source localization using the bispectrum, Gabor transform, Wigner-Ville distribution, and nonstationary signal representations

It is noted that power spectral estimation provides one approach to direction-finding. This approach readily generalizes to produce a collection of newer direction-finding algorithms. Estimation of the bispectrum yields a bispectral direction finder. Estimates of time-frequency distributions produce Wigner-Ville and Gabor direction-finders. Some types of nonstationary time series admit spectral estimators which can be used to localize a source. Chaotic signals can also be localized using recently developed parameter estimators. It is concluded that D.L. Johnson´s (1982) approach to bearing estimation as a form of spectral estimation readily generalizes whenever a statistically consistent estimator of a signal attribute can be found