The effect of Electric Vehicle drive efficiency on bidding Vehicle-to-Grid services

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining acceptance with consumers and manufactures as a viable alternative to petroleum based transportation. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) has been proposed as a way to aid in EV adoption by providing additional financial benefits to consumers and by reducing impacts on the power grid. An important factor in studying EV and V2G system impacts is the efficiency of the electric drive system of the EVs. While EPA efficiencies and ranges are reported, these do not often reflect real world driving efficiencies. In this work the effect of different drive efficiencies on optimal V2G bidding is explored as it relates to the impacts on customers, utilities, and aggregators. Results show that real world driving efficiencies are often lower than the reported EPA values. This increases the V2G capacities as well as the impacts on system peak load. Customer costs per kWh remain largely unaffected.