International operator direct connect (IODC) services-an overview

International operator direct connect (IODC) services allow callers in one country to directly access operators in another country, most likely their home country, and complete the call using the operator´s assistance. Such calls can be billed in the called country using standard billing instruments, such as a telephone company issued credit card or collect billing. These services, their implementations, and their benefits to telephone administrations and to end users of these services are described