Optimisation of the single transverse mode output from a surface modified vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

Summary form given. Using a quasi-3D model incorporating the optical, carrier and temperature properties, we have numerically investigated the transverse mode behaviour of VCSELs with reliefs etched into the top surface. The aim of the modelling was to optimise the single fundamental transverse mode output power with respect to oxide aperture, relief diameter and etch depth. A circular shape is chosen for the relief because this will match the circularly symmetric profile of the fundamental mode, enabling the mode to retain most of its mode intensity within the unetched low-loss region.