A hybrid dynamic simulation model for urban scooters with a mechanical-type CVT

A dynamic simulation model for a scooter with a mechanical-type continuously variable transmission (CVT) is developed in this paper. Attention is paid to the prediction of key parameters of the scooter such as the engine speed, CVT gear ratio, and fuel consumption of the ECE-40 drive cycle, in order to evaluate the performance of a tuned scooter. The scooter studied in this paper consists of an electronically controlled fuel injection internal combustion engine (ICE), clutch, final drive, and a mechanical-type CVT. Due to the system being complicated and nonlinear in nature, the simulation model is simultaneously constructed using mathematical models and experimental data. The construction method of the model and preparation of the experimental data is described. A PID based driving model to control the scooter was also designed. The effectiveness of the model was verified experimentally using a scooter hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system. It is shown that parameters predicted by the simulation model agree well with results from the experiment.