Charging for transmission services

In practice, power transmission systems are mostly interconnected in a grid or mesh form so that alternative paths exist between sources and loads. Many distribution networks operate as radial feeders to simplify protection and minimise fault levels. For charging purposes, it is the practice to monitor all power flows (kW) on these services from major substations and to meter (kWh over specified period) energy injected into the system from generating sources and energy delivered to all customers. In addition, metering of energy over major circuits is also necessary for detailed costing and charging purposes. Here, several approaches to the costing of transmission services and access are identified by the author