A Geography–Based Heterogeneous Hierarchy Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

A key problem in research on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is how to improve energy efficiency and extend the lifetime of sensor nodes and therefore the WSNs. In this paper, we address this problem and present a geography-based heterogeneous hierarchy routing (GBHHR) protocol. GBHHR adopts hierarchy structure for better data congregation, which can improve the efficiency of data collection and uses heterogeneous nodes as cluster heads to solve the problem of selecting cluster head in traditional hierarchy routing algorithms. A dormancy mechanism is introduced to heterogeneous node for energy saving and a multi-jump data transmission mode is applied for remote and wide-area applications. Furthermore, a new geographical routing algorithm, named hole-forewarning routing algorithm (HFR), is proposed to solve the problem of hole during routing path. Simulation results show that GBHHR has higher energy efficiency^[1] than traditional geographical routing and hierarchy routing.