Energy optimization and lifetime enhancement techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey

Developments in last decade in the field of electronics & communication, computer science and information technology field have resulted in the new technology paradigm, Wireless Sensor Networks. WSN is becoming increasingly popular due to their wide range of applications. For successful adaption of WSN in real field applications, there are certain issues which need to be addressed particularly the issue of energy consumption associated with sensor nodes. This limitation combined with node deployment has added many challenges to design and management of wireless sensor networks. The WSNs are involved in applications such as remote environment monitoring, event tracking in areas where providing electrical energy is very difficult. Moreover, the battery fed sensor nodes have very small energy associated with them, so preserving that energy and maximizing the usage of that energy is most critical issue in WSNs. Here, we present a survey of various energy optimization and lifetime enhancement techniques in wireless sensor networks and makes the reader aware about various energy saving techniques in WSN. They are analyzed from various points of view: Device hardware, Transmission, MAC protocols and Routing protocols.