On Long Lifespan systems

Complex systems are not only characterized by their magnitudes, but also their lifespans. This paper presents a theory of Long-Lifespan systems (LLS´s) and its applications in explaining the properties of complex systems from both the function and time dimensions. The mathematical models of LLS´s such as those of the abstract systems, system magnitudes, and system lifespan, are established. Then, properties of LLS´s, particularly those of system conservation, system equilibrium, and system self-organization, are formally analyzed. The fundamental mechanisms and applications of LLS´s in economics are elaborated, followed by the description of the global warning and the greenhouse effect in order to explain the rational causality of global climate system as a typical LLS system.