Integration of micro-scale Photovoltaic Distributed Generation on power distribution systems: Steady-state analyses

Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (PV) is experiencing a growing proliferation prompted by a mixture of favorable legislation, incentives, technology developments and cost reduction. PV installed capacities can vary from a few kW (small-scale) to several MW (large-scale). Due to its intermittent nature, increasing penetration of large-scale PV may lead to potential impacts on planning and operations of power distribution systems. Recently, highly distributed VA size PV (micro-scale) and new inverter control modes have emerged as an alternative to existing technologies. This paper discusses potential steady-state impacts and benefits of micro-scale PV on distribution feeder voltage profiles, power and energy losses, and interaction with voltage regulation and control equipment. The paper presents results of detailed simulations conducted on a real-life 12.47 kV utility feeder and shows a comparison of the expected impacts and benefits of using different PV technologies and inverter control modes.