A smart conductivity sensor with temperature and water tide level compensation capabilities

This paper presents a smart conductivity sensor with capabilities to compensate measurement errors caused by temperature variations and, particularly, to compensate measurement errors caused by water tide levels variations in estuarine zones. A low-cost smart conductivity sensor (SCS) is presented and a mathematical model to compensate measurement errors is proposed. The last part of the paper includes several experimental results that are used to validate theoretical expectations, namely, to confirm the dependence of the conductivity measurements on water tide level and to evaluate the performance of the compensation algorithm that is proposed.