Vertical monopoles with elevated radials: an up-date

Elevated radial ground systems can be used effectively for many applications: 1) to realize achievable gain for ground plane type antennas over real ground with only a few radials; 2) to provide versatility, e.g. control of radiation pattern; and 3) for numerical modeling purposes to simulate connection to ground. This paper overviews the subject of elevated radials. The conclusions reached are based on a more detailed numerical analysis of such antenna systems then the analysis that was available at the time when the author presented an earlier paper on the subject (1996), in particular phased arrays with elevated radial systems have been studied in detail