Frequency Modulation between Low- and High-Frequency Components of the Heart Rate Variability Spectrum May Indicate Sympathetic-Parasympathetic Nonlinear Interactions

Interactions among physiological mechanisms are abundant in biomedical signals, and they may exist to maintain efficient homeostasis. For example, sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activities interact to either elevate or depress the heart rate, to maintain homeostasis. There has been considerable effort devoted to developing algorithms that can detect interactions between various physiological mechanisms. However, methods used to detect the presence of interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, to take one example, have had limited success. This may be because interactions in physiological systems are nonlinear and nonstationary. The goal of this work was to identify nonlinear interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in the form of frequency and amplitude modulations in human heart rate data. To this end, wavelet analysis was performed, followed by frequency analysis of the resultant wavelet decomposed signals in several frequency brackets we define as: very low frequency (f<0.04 Hz), low frequency (0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (0.15-0.4 Hz). Our analysis suggests that the HF bracket is significantly modulated by the LF bracket in the heart rate data obtained in both supine and upright body positions. Furthermore, the strength of modulations is stronger in the upright than supine position, which is consistent with elevated sympathetic nervous activities in the upright position. However, there was no evidence of amplitude modulation among these frequencies