Notice of RetractionA landscape influenced by Tourism: The transformation of Northern Yang-zhou suburb (1689–1795)

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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Compared with the four records of Northern Yang-zhou suburb, the research discovers that trips to scenic spots were transformed. Journeys based upon landmark buildings, such as Ping-shan-tang, were gradually replaced by those based upon site-seeing boats, and the latter were increasingly popular. Above findings indicate that in the 18th century, the representation, experience and perceptions of the landscape of Northern Yangzhou suburb were transformed from building-dominated to boat-dominated patterns. In turn, the boat-dominated pattern changed the physical form of the landscape and promoted the unique characters of `Yangzhou Yuan-ling´ of the mid-Qing dynasty. In the 18th century, individual Jiang-Nan private gardens gradually merged under the influences brought by new ways of travel. In such a transformation of Jiang-Nan gardens, Yangzhou was the cradle where public landscape formed, developed and opened to urban residents.