A comparison of single-stage and two-stage modelling approaches for automatic forensic speaker recognition

In automatic forensic speaker recognition research two frameworks, namely single-stage and two-stage modelling, are used. Although both have their own strengths and limitations, performance is an important attribute that needs to be considered when selecting these methods for forensic research. This paper compares a calibrated single-stage system with a calibrated two-stage system using a common database in terms of different performance metrics. Neither of the systems provides a consistent advantage over the other in terms of all performance measures, raising the question of whether the use of a two-stage system, which requires additional data and effort, is warranted.