TT&C antenna candidate for spin and body stabilized spacecrafts

The author presents a number of antenna designs for achieving the most desirable cardioid and hemispherical pattern shape, and the approaches given are considered to be the best antenna candidates for spacecraft applications in terms of performance and producibility. In particular, quadrifilar helix, conical log-spiral, and open-ended waveguide with parasitic element antennas are shown to be good candidates for providing cardioid or hemispherical coverages. Good spherical coverage may be obtained by employing one or a combination of broad and narrow coverage antennas. Descriptions of spherical coverage approaches are presented.<>