Valve regulated lead acid batteries-gas and heat management

Hydrogen and oxygen evolution are unavoidable secondary reactions in lead-acid batteries and these reactions imply increased heat production in the cell. Gas evolution is discussed with respect to open-circuit situations, float charging, and cycling. Heat-production processes are then considered, in connection with the heat of reaction, the Joule effect, and heat production during floating. Heat dissipation is also considered, and implications for battery cycling are discussed