Modeling metacognition for learning in artificial systems

Evidence suggests that metacognition - the ability to monitor the cognitive processes and regulate them - exists not only in humans but also in some animals. In nature, humans and animals use metacognition to self-regulate their learning process. This paper gathers evidence of metacognition in nature from research in various disciplines. It also shows how metacognition can be modeled in artificial systems and how the model is applied in an Air Traffic Control Simulator system.