Heat transfer and thermodynamics remarks on the refrigeration of electric arc furnace walls

The use of hot-water and evaporative cooling enables the residual energy potential of iron and steel works to be utilized. In particular, water-traversed wall elements are used at present in the top zone of an electric arc furnace. The possible nucleate boiling leads to a substantially more intensive cooling, but even a limited increase of the input heat flow can be dangerous. Thus, the heat transfer process has to be examined closely for the design of cooling elements