Sensors and actuators for prosthetic systems

Although mechanical components, packaging techniques, microprocessors, and application-specific integrated circuits for prosthesis control are available, there is a pressing need for sensors and actuators to complete the system. These devices not only have to be functional, they have to be small in size, consume small amounts of power, and be operable by nontechnical personnel including the patient. They should also have good long-term stability and reliability. Furthermore, they should have a fail-safe feature when damaged so that they will not emit toxic substances when overheated or burned to failure. The author summarizes microsensor and microactuator development for prosthetic systems, including electrodes (recording and stimulating); position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration sensors; force, touch, and pressure sensors; chemical and biosensors; pumps, valves, and controlled-resistance devices; and microactuators