Simulation and measurement of microwave propagation in a simple urban area

A down-scaled simple urban structure was constructed using concrete bricks, and the path losses between a transmitter and a receiver at various line-of-sight (LOS) and out of sight (OOS) positions were measured using a signal generator, an amplifier, a spectrum analyzer and two dipole antennas. The complex permittivities of concrete walls and ground were measured accurately by a ring resonator-type dielectric probe. The measured path losses are compared with the simulated results of the ray tracing technique, which include the effects of the antenna patterns and the surface roughness of the walls.