Highly accurate 3D wireless indoor positioning system using white LED lights

A wireless indoor positioning system using white LED lights is proposed. The time difference of arrival technique is employed and the phase differences between the received signals are determined to develop a positioning algorithm which can estimate the receiver location with a mean localisation error as low as 1 mm in a room of dimensions 5 × 5 × 3 m. Through simulations, it is identified that the optimum receiver height where localisation error gets minimised is between 2.5 and 3 m from the ceiling which corresponds well with the typical dimensions of a room.