Variable reverse power flow-Part I: A-R-OPF with reactive power of wind stations

It has been recently shown that using battery storage systems (BSSs) to provide reactive power provision in a medium-voltage active distribution network with embedded wind stations (WSs) can lead to a huge amount of reverse power to an upstream transmission network. However, unity power factors (PFs) of WSs were assumed in those studies to analyze the potential of BSSs. Therefore, it is aimed in this paper (Part-I) with a companion paper (Part-II) to further explore the pure potential (i.e., without BSSs) of WSs considering variable reverse power flow and varying limits on PFs. We introduce a new version of the active-reactive optimal power flow (A-R-OPF) model with two distinguished features. First, the revenues of wind power are maximized considering both active and reactive power capabilities of WSs. Second, the total costs of both active and reactive energy losses in the grid are minimized. In Part-II, the potential of the model is studied through analyzing an electricity market model.