LC-Ladder Filters Emulated by Circuits with Current Controlled Conveyors and Grounded Capacitors

The paper implements the well-known leapfrog method of LC-ladder filters simulation by circuits employing only multiple outputs second-generation current controlled conveyors (MO-CCCII) and grounded capacitors. The proposed method is general, because on a hand it implements any type of frequency response and on the other side both all pole and finite-transmission-zeros passive filters are emulated. Using current controlled devices, the circuits are electronically tunable and do not require any matching constraints, making the approach extremely convenient for systematic design and dense layout. SPICE simulations made with circuits employing bipolar MO-CCCII demonstrate the validity of the approach.