McKibben artificial muscles: pneumatic actuators with biomechanical intelligence

Reports on the design of a biorobotic actuator. Biological requirements are developed from published reports in the muscle physiology literature whose parameters are extracted and applied in the form of the Hill muscle model. Data from several vertebrate species (rat, frog, cat, and human) are used to evaluate the performance of a McKibben pneumatic actuator. The experimental results show the force-length properties of the actuator are muscle-like, but the force-velocity properties are not. The design of a hydraulic damper with fixed orifices, placed in parallel with the McKibben actuator, is proposed to improve the force-velocity performance. Simulation results of this practical design indicate a significant improvement