Fabrication of multilayer structured tubular tissue using water transfer printing

We proposed a 3D assembly technique using water transfer printing to fabricate a multilayer structured tubular tissue. This study was aimed to determine whether the tissue-engineered tubular structure maintains the normally mechanical property as the development and function by the artificial circulatory system. In this work, we demonstrated that fabricated tissues could rapidly assemble into aligned tubular tissue in the appropriate geometrical conditions using engineering approaches. This technique does not require a solid biodegradable scaffold. Therefore, this approach presents the simple and rapid method to create through the exploitation of the intrinsic potential of cells to assemble fabricated tissues into functional 3D tissues in a suitable tubular tissue environment. The described technique is applicable to many different cell types and can be used to engineer tissue constructs of user-defined size and shape with micro-scale control of the cellular organization, which could form the basis for constructing 3D engineered tissues with a hollow tubular tissue in vitro.