Notice of RetractionReasons for Cross-Species Infection and Cross-Subtype Reassortment in Nucleoproteins from Influenza A Virus

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.

The sudden outbreak of swine H1N1 pandemic and its rapid disappearance are an important topic to study. This pandemic was believed due to a new influenza A virus formed by the reassortment among human, swine, and Eurasian avian strains. The difference between species and between subtypes would not be larger enough to prevent the cross-species infection and cross-subtype reassortment from occurring. In this study, we use model I ANOVA to analyze 1709 nucleoproteins influenza A virus available in database in order to see whether there is a difference between hosting species and between subtype, and then we use model II ANOVA to determine the inter- and intra subtype/species variations for these 1709 nucleoproteins. The results show that the difference between hosting species and between subtypes exists only in about half of cases, and the intra subtype/species variation is generally larger than inter subtype/species variation. Thus, this study provides the bioinformatic reason for cross-species infection and cross subtype mutation for nucleoproteins from influenza A virus.