Notice of RetractionHydrothermal Modification of Granular Steel Slag for Phosphate Removal

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

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The performance of phosphate removal using hydrothermal modified granular steel slag was evaluated. The effects of steel slag dosage, reaction time, solution pH and initial phosphate concentration of synthesized wastewater on phosphate removal were also investigated. The results show that the modified steel slag is more efficient than raw granular steel slag in phosphate removal. The residual phosphate concentration decreased from 10 mg/L to less than 0.5mg/L at the conditions of solution pH 5-11 and at initial phosphate concentrations of 5-15 mg/L ,when 2g modified steel slag was added into 100mL phosphate solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that the main hydration products after hydrothermal treatment were calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and amorphous calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-Hs). Scanning electron micrograph (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and XRD analyses revealed that the precipitates produced in phosphate removal by modified steel slag were the mixture of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP), with the Ca/P molar ratio of 1.58. The results suggest that the modified steel slag may be an effective material for phosphate removal and a potential crystal seed for phosphate recovery.