3D electromagnetic modeling using staggered finite differences

The method of finite differences has been employed to solve a variety of 3D electromagnetic (EM) forward problems arising in geophysical applications. Specific sources considered include dipolar and magnetotelluric (MT) field excitation in the frequency domain. In the forward problem, the EM fields are simulated using a vector Helmholtz equation for the electric field, which are approximated using finite differences on a staggered grid. To obtain the fields, a complex-symmetric matrix system of equations is assembled and iteratively solved using the quasi-minimum method (QMR). Perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions are included in the solution and are necessary to accurately simulate fields in propagation regime (frequencies >10 MHz). For frequencies approaching the static limit (<10 kHz), the solution also includes a static-divergence correction, which is necessary to accurately simulate MT source fields and can be used to accelerate convergence for the dipolar source problem