Notice of RetractionBiodegradation of Papaverine and Harmaline with the Basidiomycetous Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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The fungal degradation of toxic alkaloids, papaverine and harmaline, which present in some wild grass, were firstly investigated by using the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The fungi could quickly degrade the papaverine and harmaline, especially in the case of P. chrysosporium in Mn-including medium. The nutrient nitrogen concentration had a great effect on the degradation rate of substrates. The papaverine was degraded more effectively under low concentration of nitrogen (LN) condition. But the harmaline could be greatly degraded under both low and high nitrogen concentration. These results strongly suggest that the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium have great potential in degradation of toxic alkaloids of wild grass.