Notice of RetractionMicrocystin-LR Induced Histopathological Alterations in Livers and Gills of Cyprinus carpio L.

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria in aquatic environment and have potential risk to aquatic organisms. Different histopathological alterations in fish liver, gill, or other organs under MCs exposure have be extensively studied, but most studies were based on relatively high concentrations. In this study, the dose-related histopathological alterations in fish livers and gills were assessed by light and electron microscopy after 14 d immersion of Cyprinus carpio L. (C carpio) in 1.0 and 10.0 μg L^-1 MC-LR. Damages in liver and respiration efficiency of fish were evidenced by the appearance of a series of histopathological alterations in microstructure and morphology of liver and gill tissues. Although the symptoms were relatively mild, these histopathological alterations suggest that the C. carpio coexisting with cyanobacterial blooms in hypereutrophied ponds or lakes may suffer a negative ecological impact.