Notice of RetractionEnvironmental and Uncertainty Assessment of Bio-Toilet and Flush Toilet: Comparison of Bio-Toilet and Flush Toilet

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.

Life cycle assessment for bio-toilet and flush toilet was carried out in this study through estimating the environmental impact of the following four alternative scenarios: bio-toilet with incineration (BTI), bio-toilet with landfarming (BTL), flush toilet with incineration (FTI) and flush toilet with landfarming (FTL). The results based on uncertainty analysis proved that there are no significant differences between scenarios FTI and FTL for all midpoint categories except for respiratory organics. Similarly, there are no significant differences between scenarios BTI and BTL for most midpoint categories except for aquatic eutrophication. Compared to the FTI and FTL scenarios, the impacts seen from BTI and BTL in the respiratory inorganics, ionizing radiation, acid/nutria, land occupation, aquatic acidification, global warming and non-renewable energy categories are high, especially for the global warming and non-renewable energy. Electricity and water consumption in use phase is the key factor to consider the reduction of environmental impacts of bio-toilet and flush toilet, respectively.