Geodesic distance-based pose-invariant blind watermarking algorithm for three-dimensional triangular mesh model

Pose editing, changing the poses of three-dimensional (3D) mesh model, frequently results in de-synchronization effect which most 3D watermarking methods are sensitive to and normally regard it as an attack. A novel pose-invariant blind watermarking algorithm for 3D triangular mesh model is proposed in this paper to resist the pose changing attack. In this algorithm, the geodesic distance of each vertex pair on the 3D mesh model to be watermarked is calculated, and then this model is segmented into meaningful pose-invariant components based on the calculation result. Each meaningful component is further divided into non-overlapping cells according to the distribution of geodesic distances from its vertices to the cutting boundary. Finally the defined watermark is embedded into these cells by adjusting the mean value of geodesic distances in order to achieve the invariance of pose changing, and later detection follows the same concept. Our experimental result demonstrates that the proposed algorithm has the ability to resist the attacks of pose changing, similarity transformations, vertex reordering, local deformation, cropping, simplification, additive random noise, and smoothing.