ToA and TDoA Error Models for NLoS Propagation Based on Outdoor to Indoor Channel Measurement

Time Based (TB) localization in terrestrial cellular mobile radio as a complementation to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) has gained plenty of focuses. Due to absence of the Line-of Sight (LOS), Time of Arrival (ToA) of the First Path (FP) and/or corresponding Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) are drifted from their true values. However, there are few analyses in terms of geolocations for current outdoor to indoor cellular channel models. In this paper ToA and TDoA error models based on the channel measurement are proposed, where both fit the Gaussian distribution well. Furthermore, with Monte Carlo simulation the positioning capabilities in a microcellular network scenario are investigated based on these models, where the TDoA based positioning promises a better solution compared to ToA.