Short electric-field antennae as diagnostic tools for space plasmas

Impedance probes, which are well known in geophysical prospection, in particular for ground permittivity investigations, have been successfully transposed to space plasmas. Transmitting and receiving electrodes are used for measuring on open circuit the dynamic impedance of the system at several fixed frequencies over a range that includes characteristic frequencies of the ambient plasma. The measurements are then interpreted using a suitable theory and the values of plasma parameters, such as the electron density, temperature, and possibly the relative velocity of the plasma and the spacecraft, can be deduced. To show how powerful this technique is, results obtained in the Earth´s plasmasphere by the mutual impedance probe onboard ROSETTA are presented.