Improving the efficiency of white OLEDs based on a gradient refractive index substrate

For use in lighting applications, white organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs) must operate at higher biases to ensure an ample flux. However, stressed operation voltages often result in poor performance and limited device lifetime. This could be addressed by modifying the inherent optical properties of OLEDs. This study proposes a gradient refractive index (GRIN) substrate to adjust the ratio of the light-waveguided modes as well as the radiation mode. An embedded nanocomposite film consisting of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) was inserted between ITO and glass to create an internal light-extraction structure (IES). The high refractive index of TiO₂ is essential for increasing the refractive index of the photoresist film and thus diminishing the total internal reflection between the interfaces. In addition, the silicon dioxide NPs mixed polydimethylsiloxane was used to form an external light-extraction structure (EES). The refractive indices of the IES and EES were adjusted to form a GRIN substrate. Compared with a control device, this sophisticated substrate produced a 1.6 fold efficiency improvement.