Demand side management through heat pumps, thermal storage and battery storage to increase local self-consumption and grid compatibility of PV systems

Introducing demand side management by adding heat pumps and thermal storage increases self-consumption from domestic PV systems as well as local autonomy of the household. Such effects have been analyzed for different building standards and as a function of storage capacity. Self-consumption levels of 55% to 65% from a PV installation of 5.5 kW_p can be reached in the case of a 4-person household with medium to low standard of thermal insulation. With respect to a high building standard, additional electrical storage in the form of a 5-kWh Li-ion battery bank is needed to drive the self-consumption level to 50%. Finally, storage-control algorithms are proposed and simulated that allow a reduction of the peak injection into the grid to as low as 55% of the nominal peak-output power of the PV system. The original contributions include a quantitative analysis and values for the increase in self-consumption and household autonomy as a function of building standard, the additional impact of battery storage as a function of battery size, as well as the reduction of peak injection by applying smart algorithms for storage control.